PEPI FINDER

This is a list of procedures and functions available in the WINPEPI suite of programs for epidemiologists.

Click on the initial letter of the function / procedure you require:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Other

COMPARE2 A, B refers to modules A and B of the WINPEPI program COMPARE2. Items in italics (e.g. DIFFER) refer to functions that are currently provided only by the DOS version of PEPI (i.e. not by WINPEPI programs). This list is current as of November 9, 2008.

- A -

 
Additive effects, ETCETERA E, ETCETERA H
Adjusted rank correlation test for skewed funnel plot, COMPARE2 A, B, C, D, I
Alpha (Cronbach reliability-consistency coefficient), ETCETERA D
Analysis of covariance, for comparing changes in two groups, PAIRSetc D1, D2
Annual rate of increase or decrease, DESCRIBE B
ANOVA (analysis of variance), COMPARE2 E, ETCETERA J, PAIRSetc D1, H, I1, I2, L2
Attributable fraction, COMPARE2 B, C, G, PAIRSetc A
 

- B -

 
BAK (bias-adjusted kappa), PAIRSetc A, B, C
Bartholomew's test for trend, DESCRIBE B
Bartlett test for comparing two variances, COMPARE2 H2
Basic reproductive ratio, DESCRIBE M2
Bayes factor, ETCETERA L
Before-after study (independent observations), COMPARE2 A, B, H1, H2, H3
Before-after study (paired observations), PAIRSetc A, B, C, D1, D2, D3
Before-after study (using changes in ratings), COMPARE2 F2, PAIRSetc D1, D2
Before-after study (using changes in ratings), sample size, COMPARE2 S11
Bias-adjusted kappa, PAIRSetc A, B, C
Binomial distribution, goodness of fit with, DESCRIBE C
Binomial goodness-of-fit test (any binomial probability), PAIRS
Binomial goodness-of-fit test (comparison with expected proportion) DESCRIBE A
Binomial success rate, DESCRIBE C
Birth-cohort effect (using median or mean polish), ETCETERA H
Bonferroni-like corrections (Finner, Haber, and Hommel corrections), ETCETERA C
Bowker’s symmetry test, PAIRSetc B, C
Bowley skewness coefficient, DESCRIBE D
Box-and-whisker diagrams, DESCRIBE D
Bradley-Blackwood test, PAIRSetc D1, D2
 

- C -

 
Calculator, WHATIS calculator
Capture-recapture method, DESCRIBE I
Case-control study, unmatched, COMPARE2 C, G, LOGISTIC
Case-control study, matched, PAIRSetc A, C, D, E, H, J, L, LOGISTIC
Centrifugality, DESCRIBE D
Change-point test, DESCRIBE D
Changes, based on before-after ratings, COMPARE2 F2, PAIRSetc D1, D2
Chi-square goodness-of-fit test, 2 x k table, DESCRIBE C
Chi-square test, 2 x 2 table, COMPARE2 A, B, C
Chi-square test, 2 x k table, COMPARE2 F1
Chi-square tests for multiple comparisons in 2 x k table, COMPARE2 F1
Chi-square, partitioning of, in 2 x k table, COMPARE2 F1
Chi-square, partitioning of, in r x c table, ETCETERA G
Chi-square, value corresponding to given P, or vice versa, WHATIS P-value
Cluster-randomized trial, sample sizes, COMPARE2 S1,S6
Cluster sample, estimation of prevalence from, DESCRIBE J1, J2
Cluster sample, required size, DESCRIBE K
Cluster samples, sample sizes for comparison, COMPARE2 S1,S6
Cluster samples, comparison of binary data in, COMPARE2 E, PAIRSetc A
Clustering in space or time, DESCRIBE C, H
Cochran Q test, PAIRSetc F
Cochran-Armitage chi-square test for trend, DESCRIBE B
Cochrane-Orcutt procedure, DESCRIBE B
Coefficient of variation (R2), ETCETERA J
Cohen's d, COMPARE2 H2
Cohort effect (using median or mean polish), ETCETERA H
Cohort study, unmatched, COMPARE2 B, D, F, H, LOGISITIC
Cohort study, matched, PAIRSetc A, C, D, E, H, J, L, LOGISTIC
Combinations and permutations, WHATIS calculator
Concordance coefficient, Kendall, PAIRSetc I1
Concordance correlation coefficient, PAIRSetc D1, D2, D3
Confidence intervals, WHATIS C.I.; also look up name of measure
Confidence level for values above/below a given point, WHATIS C.I.
Confounder, unmeasured, controlling for, ETCETERA K
Conover squared-rank test for difference between variances, COMPARE2 H1
Contingency coefficient, COMPARE2 F1
Correlation coefficient between values and ranks in sequence, DESCRIBE D
Correlation coefficient, computation, PAIRSetc D1, COMPARE2 F2
Correlation coefficient, test and confidence intervals for, ETCETERA F1 
Correlation coefficient, power and sample size for test, ETCETERA F5
Correlation coefficient, based on Mantel-Haenszel procedure, MANTELX
Correlation coefficients, comparison, ETCETERA F2, F3 

Correlation coefficients, differences between, C.I,s for, ETCETERA F2, F3

Correlation coefficient, intraclass, COMPARE2 E, PAIRSetc D1, D2, I1, I2, M

Correlation coefficient, intraclass, in a cluster sample, DESCRIBE J1, J2

Correlation coefficient, intraclass, in reliability study, PAIRSetc I2

Correlation coefficient, intraclass, sample size, PAIRSetc S6

Correlation coefficients, partial and multiple, ETCETERA F4
Correlation coefficients, pooling, ETCETERA F2
Correlation coefficients, tetrachoric,  PAIRSetc A
Correlation coefficients, tetrachoric, between items in scale, ETCETERA D
Counts, heterogeneity of, DESCRIBE D
Covariance, analysis of, for comparing changes in two groups, PAIRSetc D1, D2
Cox-Stuart test for trend, DESCRIBE D
Cramer-von Mises test, COMPARE2 F2, G, H1
Credibility index, ETCETERA L
Cressie-Read goodness-of-fit test, DESCRIBE C

Cronbach's alpha (reliability-consistency) coefficient, ETCETERA D

Cumulative frequency distribution, confidence interval for, FIT
Cumulative odds ratio, COMPARE2 F2, G
Cumulative rate, computed from age-specific rates, DESCRIBE G
Cumulative survival proportions, DESCRIBE F, COMPARE2 H3
Cumulative survival proportions, directly standardized, COMPARE2 H3
 

- D -

 
D'Agostini-Pearson test for normality, DESCRIBE D, COMPARE2 H2
Deciles, DESCRIBE D
Departure from linear trend, DESCRIBE B
Dersimonian-Laird estimates, COMPARE2 A, B, C, H2
Design effect, of cluster sample, DESCRIBE J1, J2 COMPARE2 E
Diagnostic odds ratio, DESCRIBE L3
Diagnostic tests, accuracy of, DESCRIBE L1, L4, L5, PAIRSetc D1, D2, D3
Diagnostic tests, appraisal of, DESCRIBE L1, L4
Diagnostic tests, combination of, DESCRIBE L2
Diagnostic tests, comparison of, DESCRIBE L2, L5
Diagnostic tests, meta-analysis, DESCRIBE L3
Difference between paired values, PAIRSetc D1, D3
Difference between proportions or risks, COMPARE2 A, B, PAIRSetc A
Difference in one tail, COMPARE2 F2
Direct standardization, DESCRIBE G
Discriminatory power of a scale, ETCETERA D
Distinguishability of categories, PAIRSetc A, B, C
Donald-Donner procedure for comparing cluster samples, COMPARE2 E
Durbin-Watson test, DESCRIBE B, ETCETERA J
 

- E -

 
Edwards test for seasonal variation, DESCRIBE E
Effect sizes (standardized differences between means), COMPARE2 H2, I
Epidemic curve, plotting of, using data, DESCRIBE M1
Epidemic curve, plotting of, using models, DESCRIBE M2
Epidemic models (Reed-Frost, SIR, SEIR), DESCRIBE M2
Equivalence test for areas under ROC curve DESCRIBE L5
Equivalence test for means, COMPARE2 H2
Equivalence test for means, sample sizes for, COMPARE2 S7, PAIRSetc S7
Equivalence test for proportions, COMPARE2 A, PAIRSetc A
Equivalence test for proportions, sample sizes for, COMPARE2 S2, PAIRSetc S3
Exact tests, 2 x 2 table, power of, COMPARE2 P1, E
Exact tests, COMPARE2 A, B, C, D, F1, PAIRSetc A
Exponentially weighted moving averages, SMOOTH 
Expression solver (calculator), WHATIS calculator
 

- F -

 
F (variance ratio) test, COMPARE2 H2, PAIRSetc I
F, value corresponding to given P, or vice versa, WHATIS P-value
Factorials, WHATIS calculator
Fail-safe N, COMPARE2 A, B, C, D, E, H3, I
False negative rate, DESCRIBE L1
False positive rate, DESCRIBE L1, L2, L3, L4
Finite population correction, DESCRIBE A, D, K
Fisher exact tests, see Exact tests
Fleiss-Everitt test for three ordered categories, PAIRSetc C
Fligner-Policello robust rank test, COMPARE2 H1
Forecasting efficiency, index of, PAIRS
Freedman tests for seasonal variation, DESCRIBE E
Frequency distribution, description of, DESCRIBE D, COMPARE2 H2
Friedman's two-way analysis of variance by ranks, PAIRSetc I
Funnel plot, skewed, COMPARE2 A, B, C, D, I
 

- G -

 
G2 test of association, COMPARE2 A, ETCETERA G
Gain in certainty after diagnostic test, DESCRIBE L1
Gamma (Goodman and Kruskal), RANKCORR
Gamma, in comparison of 2 samples, COMPARE2 F2, G, H1, PAIRSetc C, D3
Gehan-Wilcoxon test for comparison of survival, COMPARE2 H3
Generalized odds ratio, COMPARE2 F2, G, PAIRSetc C
Geometric mean, DESCRIBE D1
Geometric means, ratio of, COMPARE2 H2
Glass's delta, COMPARE2 H2
Gold standard, comparison with, DESCRIBE L1, PAIRSetc D1, D2, D3
Goodman and Kruskal's gamma, COMPARE2 F2, G, H1, PAIRSetc C, D3
Goodman and Kruskal's tau, r x c table, ETCETERA G 
Goodman and Kruskal's tau, 2 x k table, COMPARE2 F1
Goodness of fit with expected distribution, DESCRIBE C
Grubbs test for outliers, DESCRIBE D

Guttman scale, conformity with, ETCETERA D

- H -

 
Haber continuity correction, COMPARE2 A, B, C
Haldane's large-table chi-square test, 2 x k table, COMPARE2 F1
Haldane's large-table chi-square test, j x k table, CHISQ
Harmonic-analysis procedure for appraisal of seasonal variation, DESCRIBE E
Harmonic mean, DESCRIBE D1
Hazard ratio, COMPARE2 H3
Hedges's adjusted g, COMPARE2 H2
Herd immunity threshold, DESCRIBE M2
Heterogeneity of correlation coefficients, CORR
Heterogeneity of counts, DESCRIBE D
Heterogeneity of season-specific slopes, DESCRIBE D
Heterogeneity tests, COMPARE2 A, B, C, F2, G, H1, H2, I, PAIRSetc A, C, D1 to D3, E, F, I1, J
Heterogeneity, measures of, COMPARE2 A, B, C, F2, G, H1, H2, I, PAIRSetc A, C
Hewitt's test for seasonal variation, DESCRIBE E
Hollander's test for bivariate symmetry, PAIRSetc D3
Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, LOGISTIC 
Huber m-estimator, DESCRIBE D
 

- I -

 
Imputation of missing values in 2 x 2 table, COMPARE2 A
Incidence rate, computed from survival data, DESCRIBE F, COMPARE2 H3
Index of qualitative variation, DESCRIBE C
Indirect standardization, DESCRIBE H
Interobserver and intraobserver reliability,  PAIRSetc A2, D1, D2, D3, I1, I2, M
Intraclass correlation coefficients in cluster samples, DESCRIBE J1. J2
Intraclass correlation coefficients, COMPARE2 E, PAIRSetc D1, D2, I1, I2, M
Intraclass correlation coefficients, in reliability study,  PAIRSetc I2
Intraclass correlation coefficient, sample size, PAIRSetc S6
Inverse sampling in comparative studies, COMPARE2 A, B, C, PAIRSetc A
Inverse sampling in a descriptive study, DESCRIBE A
Inverse sampling, sample size to find a given number of cases, DESCRIBE K
 

- J -

 
Jewell's low-bias estimate of odds ratio, COMPARE2 A, B, C, PAIRSetc A, E, J
Jewell's low-bias estimate of ratio of proportions or risks, COMPARE2 A, B
Jonckheere-Terpstra test for trend, RANKCORR
 

- K -

 
Kaplan-Meier life table procedure, DESCRIBE F, COMPARE2 H3
Kappa, PAIRSetc A, B, C, E, F, G, J, K
Kappa, in appraisal of screening or diagnostic text, DESCRIBE L1
Kappa, sample size, PAIRSetc S2
Kappa, weighted, PAIRSetc C
Kendall concordance coefficient, PAIRSetc I1
Kendall correlation coefficient (tau), ETCETERA G, PAIRSetc C, D3
Kendall tau between ranks and values of numbers, DESCRIBE D
Kendall tau in comparison of 2 samples, COMPARE2 F2, G, H1, PAIRSetc C, D3
Kernel smoothing,  DESCRIBE B
Kernel smoothing, with log transformation, SMOOTH
Knox test for space-time clustering, DESCRIBE H
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for a normal or lognormal distribution, FIT
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for an even distribution, DESCRIBE D
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for discrete data, DESCRIBE C
Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test, COMPARE2 F2, G, H1
Kraemer's quality index,  DESCRIBE L4
Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks, ETCETERA G
Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks (>2 samples), MANNWHIT
Kullback-Leibler distances, DESCRIBE L1, L4, L5
Kurtosis, DESCRIBE D
 

- L -

 
Lambda, COMPARE2 A,B,C
Levene tests for equality of variances, COMPARE2 H
Likelihood ratios for positive and negative tests, DESCRIBE L1 to L5
Likelihood ratios, multilevel, DESCRIBE L4, L5
LIkelihood ratios, stratum-specific, DESCRIBE L4, L5
Lilliefors test for normality, DESCRIBE D, COMPARE2 H2
Limits of agreement, 95%,  PAIRSetc D1, D2, D3 ,L2
  Linear regression, on rank in series, DESCRIBE D
  Linear regression, multiple, ETCETERA J
Linear regression, nonparametric, ETCETERA J
 Linear regression, simple, ETCETERA J
Log transformation, DESCRIBE D, COMPARE2 H2, PAIRSetc D2, D3
Logistic regression analysis, conditional or unconditional, LOGISTIC
Logit-rank test for effect of covariate on survival, SURVIVAL
Loglinear analysis of three-way table, ETCETERA I
Lognormal mean, confidence intervals for, DESCRIBE D
ogrank test for comparison of survival, COMPARE2 H3
Log-likelihood chi-square test of association, COMPARE2 A, ETCETERA G
Low-cost optimal allocation, in stratified sample, DESCRIBE K
 

- M -

 
Mann-Kendall test for trend, DESCRIBE D
Mann-Whitney test COMPARE2 F2, G, H1
Mann-Whitney test for paired data, PAIRSetc C
Mann-Whitney test, power, COMPARE2 P3, PAIRSetc P2
Mann-Whitney test, sample sizes, COMPARE2 S5, PAIRSetc S4
Mantel trend test, DESCRIBE B
Mantel-Haenszel test, COMPARE2 A, B, C, PAIRSetc E, J
Mantel-Haenszel test, extended, 2 x k table, COMPARE2 F2, G, H1
Mantel-Haenszel test, extended, r x c table or numerical data, MANTELX
Mantel-Haenszel test, power, COMPARE2 P2
Mantel-Haenszel test, sample sizes, COMPARE2 S3
McNemar test, PAIRSetc A, C
McNemar test, extended, PAIRSetc B
McNemar test, power, PAIRSetc P1
McNemar test, sample sizes, PAIRSetc S1
Marginal heterogeneity, Stuart-Maxwell test for, PAIRSetc B, C
Mean deviation from mean, DESCRIBE D
Mean rank, COMPARE2 H1
Mean square successive difference test, DESCRIBE D
Mean, comparison with a hypothetical value, DESCRIBE D
Mean, confidence interval, WHATIS C.I.
Mean, robust estimators of, DESCRIBE D
Mean, lognormal, confidence intervals for, DESCRIBE D
Mean, trimmed, DESCRIBE D
Mean polish of two-way table, ETCETERA H
Means, difference between, COMPARE2 H2, PAIRSetc H, L
Means, difference between, required sample sizes, COMPARE2 S6
Means, ratio of, COMPARE2 H2
Means, standardized mean difference between, COMPARE2 H2
Means, trimmed, comparison of, COMPARE2 H2
Means, weighted mean difference between, COMPARE2 H2
Measures of impact of exposure, COMPARE2 B, C, G, PAIRSetc A
Median absolute deviation from median, DESCRIBE D
Median polish of two-way table, ETCETERA H
Median rank, COMPARE2 H1
Median survival times, ratio of, COMPARE2 H3
Median, comparison with a hypothetical value, DESCRIBE D
Median, DESCRIBE D, COMPARE2 H2
Medians, difference between, COMPARE2 H1
Meta-analysis using available summary data, COMPARE2 I
Meta-analysis, COMPARE2 A, B, C, D, E, F1, F2, G, H1, H2, H3, I, PAIRSetc A, B, C, MANTELX
Meta-analysis, sensitivity analysis, COMPARE2 I
Meta-analysis, studies of screening or diagnostic tests, DESCRIBE L3
Mid-P exact tests, see Exact tests
Minimization, ETCETERA A6
Minimum significant change, PAIRSetc I2
Misclassification, effect on appraisal of rate or proportion, DESCRIBE A
Misclassification, effect on odds/risk ratio, COMPARE2 M, PAIRSetc Mis1, Mis2, Mis3
Missing values, imputation in 2 x 2 table, COMPARE2 A
Moors kurtosis coefficient, DESCRIBE D
 
Multiple comparisons in 2 x k table, COMPARE2 F1
Multiple comparisons of categories, based on odds ratios, PAIRSetc C
Multiple comparisons of correlation coefficients, ETCETERA F2, F3
Multiple comparisons of means (Games-Howell procedure), DIFFER
Multiple comparisons of rates or proportions, DESCRIBE B, PAIRSetc F
Multiple comparisons of samples, PAIRSetc I
Multiple linear regression, sample sizes, COMPARE2 S8
Multiple linear regression, ETCETERA J
Multiple logistic regression, conditional or unconditional, LOGISTIC
Multiple logistic regression, sample sizes, COMPARE2 S4
Multiple Poisson regression, POISSON
Multiple tests, adjustment of P values for, ETCETERA C
Multiplicative effects, ETCETERA E, ETCETERA H
 

- N -

 
Negative predictive value (NPV) of a test, DESCRIBE L1, L2
Neymann allocation, in stratified sample, DESCRIBE K
Nominal-scale dependent variable, COMPARE2 F, PAIRSetc B
Nonparametric regression analysis, ETCETERA J 
Normality, tests for, DESCRIBE D, COMPARE2 H2
Number needed to treat/avoid/produce one case, COMPARE2 B, C, D, H3, PAIRSetc A
 

- O -

 
Odds in favour of a higher value in one group, COMPARE2 H1
Odds ratio, confidence interval, WHATIS C.I.
Odds ratio, cumulative, COMPARE F2 G
Odds ratio, diagnostic, DESCRIBE L3
Odds ratio, for matched data, PAIRSetc A, B, C, E, J
Odds ratio, generalized, COMPARE2 F2, G, PAIRSetc C
Odds ratio, in 2 x 2 table, COMPARE2 A, B, C
Odds ratios, comparisons with reference value,  COMPARE2 I
Odds ratios, trend test for, COMPARE2 A, C
Ordinal-scale dependent variable, COMPARE2 F, G, PAIRSetc C
Ordinal-scale variables, appraisal of association of, RANKCORR
Outliers, test for, DESCRIBE D
Overall odds ratio, COMPARE2 A, B, C, E
Overall's continuity correction, CHISQ
 

- P -

 
PABAK (prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa), PAIRSetc A, B, C
Page's test for trend, PAIRSetc F, I
Paired t test, PAIRSetc, D1, D2, D6, H, L
Paired t test, sample size, PAIRSetc S5
Partitioning of chi-square in 2 x k table, COMPARE2 F1
Partitioning of chi-square in r x c table, ETCETERA G
Percentage agreement, PAIRSetc A, B, C, DESCRIBE L1
Permutation (randomization) test, COMPARE2 H1
Permutation test for matched pairs, PAIRSetc C
Permutation test for paired replicates, PAIRSetc D3
Permutations and combinations, WHATIS calculator
Person-time, calculation of, WHATIS timespan
Person-time rate, confidence interval for, DESCRIBE A, WHATIS CI
Person-time rates, comparison of, COMPARE2 D
Phi, 2 x 2 or 2 x k table, COMPARE2 A, B, C, F1
Pitman's test for equality of variances, PAIRSetc D1, D2
Pococks harmonic analysis procedure, DESCRIBE E
Poisson dispersion test, DESCRIBE D
Poisson distribution, goodness of fit with, DESCRIBE C
Poisson distribution, mean of, DESCRIBE C
Poisson regression analysis, POISSON
Poisson variate, confidence intervals for, DESCRIBE H, WHATIS C.I.
Poisson variates, comparison of two numbers of events, COMPARE2 D
Poisson variates, ratio of, confidence interval for, WHATIS C.I.
Pooled samples, estimation of prevalence from,  DESCRIBE J4
Positive predictive value (PPV) of a test, DESCRIBE L1, L2
Post-test probabilities, DESCRIBE L1, L2, L4, L5
Power of tests for comparison of independent samples, COMPARE2 P1 to P6
Power of tests for comparison of matched samples, PAIRSetc P1, P2, P3
Power of tests for regression and correlation coefficients, REGPOWER
Predictive value of a test, DESCRIBE L1, L2
Prevalence, confidence interval, DESCRIBE A, I
Prevalence, estimation by capture-recapture method, DESCRIBE I
Prevalence, estimation from cluster sample, DESCRIBE J1, J2
Prevalence, estimation from pooled samples, DESCRIBE J4
Prevalence, estimation from stratified sample, DESCRIBE J3
Prevalence, estimation from screening test, DESCRIBE L1
Prevalence, estimation from simple random sample, DESCRIBE A
Prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa, PAIRSetc A, B, C
Prevented or preventable fraction, COMPARE2 B, C, G, PAIRSetc A
Proportion, comparison with hypothetical value, DESCRIBE A, WHATIS C.I.
Proportion, confidence interval, DESCRIBE A, WHATIS C.I.
Proportional allocation, in stratified sample, DESCRIBE K
Proportions, comparisons with reference value, COMPARE2 I
Proportions, difference between, COMPARE2 A,B, PAIRSetc A, WHATIS C.I.
Proportions, sequence of, DESCRIBE B
Proportions, weighted mean, COMPARE2 I
P-value for given chi-square, t, Z, or F, or vice versa, WHATIS P-value
P-value, overall (pooled), COMPARE2 I
P-values, adjustment for multiple tests, ETCETERA C
 

- Q -

 
Qstar (Q*), DESCRIBE L3
Quality index, Kraemer's, DESCRIBE L4
Quantiles (quartiles, quintiles, octiles, deciles), DESCRIBE D
 

- R -

 
r x c table, ETCETERA G 
r x c x t table, ETCETERA I
R2, ETCETERA J
Randles-Fligner-Policello-Wolfe test for symmetry, FIT
Randles-Fligner-Policello-Wolfe test, DESCRIBE D
Random decision (tossing a coin), ETCETERA B7 
Random effects model, COMPARE2 A, B, C, H2
Random numbers (tables), ETCETERA B6
Random sampling, ETCETERA B1, B2, B3, B4
Random sequence, ETCETERA A7, B5
Randomization test, COMPARE2 H1
Randomization, ETCETERA A1, A2, A3, A4, A5
Randomness, tests for, DESCRIBE D
Rank correlation between ordinal-scale variables, RANKCORR